Extractions with superheated water

被引:224
作者
Smith, RM [1 ]
机构
[1] Loughborough Univ Technol, Dept Chem, Loughborough LE11 3TU, Leics, England
关键词
reviews; sample preparation; superheated water; extraction; environmental analysis; pesticides; essential oils;
D O I
10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01225-6
中图分类号
Q5 [生物化学];
学科分类号
071010 ; 081704 ;
摘要
As the temperature of liquid water is raised under pressure, between 100 and 374 degreesC, the polarity decreases markedly and it can be used as an extraction solvent for a wide range of analytes. Most interest has been in its application for the determination of PAHs, PCBs, and pesticides from environmental samples, where it gives comparable results to Soxhlet extraction but more rapidly and without the use of significant volumes of organic solvents. Unlike SFE, n-alkanes are not extracted unless the pressure is reduced and steam is used. Other applications have included the extraction of essential oils from plant material where it preferentially extracts the economically more important oxygenated components compared to steam distillation. The aqueous extract has been concentrated in a number of different methods (solvent extraction, SPE, SPME, extraction disc) or the extraction can be linked on-line to LC or GC. In many cases the superheated water extraction is cleaner, faster and cheaper than the conventional extraction methods. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:31 / 46
页数:16
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