Pathogenesis of an infectious mononucleosis-like disease induced by a murine gamma-herpesvirus: Role for a viral superantigen?

The murine gamma-herpesvirus 68 has many similarities to EBV, and induces a syndrome comparable to infectious mononucleosis (IM). The frequency of activated CD8(+) T cells (CD62L(lo)) in the peripheral blood increased seater than fourfold by 21 d after infection of C57BL/6J (H-2(b)) mice, and remained high for at least a further month. The spectrum of T cell receptor usage was greatly skewed, with as many as 75% of the CD8(+) T cells in the blood expressing a V beta 4(+) phenotype. Interestingly, the V beta 4 dominance was also seen, to varying extents, in H-2(k), H-2(d), H-2(u), and H-2(q) strains of mice. In addition, although CD4 depletion from day 11 had no effect on the V beta 4 bias of the T cells, the V beta 4(+)CD8(+) expansion was absent in H-2IA(b)-deficient congenic mice. However, the numbers of cycling cells in the CD4 antibody-depleted mice and mice that are CD4 deficient as a consequence of the deletion of MHC class II, were generally lower. The findings suggest that the IM-like disease is driven both by cytokines provided by CD4(+) T cells and by a viral superantigen presented by MHC class II glycoproteins to V beta 4(+)CD8(+) T cells.