Electronic currents and the formation of nanopores in porous anodic alumina

The formation processes of barrier anodic alumina (BAA) and porous anodic alumina (PAA) are discussed in detail. The anodizing current J(T) within the oxide includes ionic current j(ion) and electronic current j(e) during the anodizing process. The j(ion) is used to form an oxide and the j(e) is used to give rise to oxygen gas or sparking. The j(e) results from the impurity centers within the oxide. For a given electrolyte, the j(e) is dependent on the impurity centers and independent of the J(T). The formation of nanopores can be ascribed to the oxygen evolution within the oxide. Oxygen gas will begin to be released at the critical thickness d(c). The manner of the development of PAA is in accordance with that of BAA. The differences between PAA and BAA are the magnitude of j(e) or the continuity of oxygen evolution. There are two competitive reactions, i.e. oxide growth (2Al(3+) + 3O(2-) -> Al2O3) and oxygen evolution (2O(2-) -> O-2 up arrow + 4e). The former keeps the wall of the channel lengthened, the latter keeps the channel open. By controlling the release rate of oxygen gas under different pressures, the shape of the channels can be adjusted. The present results may open up some opportunities for fabricating special templates.