Seek whence: Answer sequences and their consequences in key-balanced multiple-choice tests

The producers of the SAT balance answer keys rather than randomizing them. Whereas randomization yields keys that are balanced only on average, balancing assures this in every subtest. Balancing is a well-kept trade secret, and there is no evidence of awareness that it is exploitable. However, balancing leaves identifiable traces on answer keys. We present the evidence for key balancing, its signatures, and the ways in which testwise examinees can exploit it. Exploitation can add as much as 16 points to one's SAT score.