Particulate matter in the indoor air of classrooms -: exploratory results from Munich and surrounding area

Numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated the association between particle mass (PM) concentration in outside air and the occurrence of health related problems and/or diseases. However, much less is known about indoor PM concentrations and associated health risks. In particular, data are needed on air quality in schools, since children are assumed to be more vulnerable to health hazards and spend a large part of their time in classrooms. On this background, we evaluated indoor air quality in 64 schools in the city of Munich and a neighbouring district outside the city boundary. In winter 2004-2005 in 92 classrooms, and in summer 2005 in 75 classrooms, data on indoor air climate parameters (temperature, relative humidity), carbon dioxide (CO2) and various dust particle fractions (PM10, PM2.5) were collected; for the latter both gravimetrical and continuous measurements by laser aerosol spectrometer (LAS) were implemented. In the summer period, the particle number concentration (PNC), was determined using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). Additionally, data on room and building characteristics were collected by use of a standardized form. Only data collected during teaching hours were considered in analysis. For continuously measured parameters the daily median was used to describe the exposure level in a classroom. The median indoor CO2 concentration in a classroom was 1603 ppm in winter and 405 ppm in summer. With LAS in winter, median PM concentrations of 19.8 mu g m(-3) (PM2.5) and 91.5 mu g m(-3) (PM10) were observed, in summer PM concentrations were significantly reduced (median PM2.5 = 12.7 mu g m(-3), median PM10 = 64.9 mu g m(-3)). PM2.5 concentrations determined by the gravimetric method were in general higher (median in winter: 36.7 mu g m(-3), median in summer: 20.2 mu g m(-3)) but correlated strongly with the LAS-measured results. In explorative analysis, we identified a significant increase of LAS-measured PM2.5 by 1.7 mu g m(-3) per increase in humidity by 10%, by 0.5 mu g m(-3) per increase in CO2 indoor concentration by 100 ppm, and a decrease by 2.8 mu g m(-3) in 5-7th grade classes and by 7.3 mu g m(-3) in class 8-11 compared to 1-4th class. During the winter period, the associations were stronger regarding class level, reverse regarding humidity (a decrease by 6.4 mu g m(-3) per increase in 10% humidity) and absent regarding CO2 indoor concentration. The median PNC measured in 36 classrooms ranged between 2622 and 12,145 particles cm(-3) (median: 5660 particles cm(-3)). The results clearly show that exposure to particulate matter in school is high. The increased PM concentrations in winter and their correlation with high CO2 concentrations indicate that inadequate ventilation plays a major role in the establishment of poor indoor air quality. Additionally, the increased PM concentration in low level classes and in rooms with high number Of pupils suggest that the physical activity of pupils, which is assumed to be more pronounced in Younger children, contributes to a constant process of resuspension of sedimented particles. Further investigations are necessary to increase knowledge on predictors of PM concentration, to assess the toxic potential of indoor particles and to develop and test strategies how to ensure improved indoor air quality in schools. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.