Physical and mechanical characterization and the influence of cyclic loading on the behaviour of nickel-titanium wires employed in the manufacture of rotary endodontic instruments

Aim To analyse the influence of cyclic loading on the mechanical behaviour of nickel-titanium (NiTi) wires employed in the manufacture of ProFile rotary endodontic instruments. Methodology Nickel-titanium wires, 1.2 mm in diameter, taken from the production line of ProFile rotary endodontic instruments before the final machining step, were tensile-tested to rupture in the as-received condition and after 100 load-unload cycles in the superelastic plateau (4% elongation). The wires were characterized by X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and by differential scanning calorimetry and compared with new size 30, .06 taper ProFile instruments. The fracture surfaces of the wires were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Results The mechanical properties of the as-received wires, their chemical composition, the phases present and their transformation temperatures were consistent with their final application. Only small changes, which decreased after the first few cycles, took place in the mechanical properties of the cycled wires. The stress at maximum load and the plastic strain at breakage remained the same, while the critical stress for inducing the superelastic behaviour, which is related to the restoring force of the endodontic instruments, decreased by approximately 27%. Conclusions The mechanical behaviour of the NiTi wires was modified slightly by cyclic tensile loading in the superelastic plateau. As the changes tended towards stabilization, the clinical use of rotary NiTi ProFile instruments does not compromise their superelastic properties until they fracture by fatigue or torsional overload, or are otherwise discarded.