Technical aspects of daily online positioning of the prostate for three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy using an electronic portal imaging device

Purpose: To develop a real-time electronic portal imaging device (EPID) procedure to identify intraprostatic gold markers and correct daily variations in target position during external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Methods and Materials: Pretherapy electronic portal images (EPIs) were acquired with a small portion of the therapeutic 18-MV dose from an orthogonal pair of treatment fields. The position of the intraprostatic gold markers on the EPIs was aligned with that on the simulation digitally reconstructed radiographs. If the initial three-dimensional target displacement (3DI) exceeded 5 mm or rotations exceeded 3degrees, the beam was realigned before the remainder of the dose was delivered. Field-only EPIs were then acquired for all fields and offline analysis was performed to determine the final 3D target placement (3DF). Results: Twenty patients completed protocol-specified treatment, and all markers were identified on 99.6% of the pretherapy EPIs. Overall, 53% of treatment fractions were realigned. The mean 3DI was 5.6 mm in all patients (range 3.7-9.3), and the mean 3DF was 2.8 mm (range 1.6-4.0), which was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Rotational corrections were made on 15% of treatments. Mean treatment duration was 1.4 min greater for protocol patients than for similar patients in whom localization was not performed. Conclusions: Frequent field misalignment occurs when external fiducial marks are used for patient alignment. Misalignments can be readily and rapidly identified and corrected with an EPID-based online correction procedure that integrates commercially available equipment and software. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc.