Planck early results. II. The thermal performance of Planck

被引:110
作者
Ade, P. A. R. [74 ]
Aghanim, N. [49 ]
Arnaud, M. [61 ]
Ashdown, M. [5 ,59 ]
Aumont, J. [49 ]
Baccigalupi, C. [72 ]
Baker, M. [34 ]
Balbi, A. [29 ]
Banday, A. J. [9 ,67 ,79 ]
Barreiro, R. B. [56 ]
Battaner, E. [80 ]
Benabed, K. [50 ]
Benoit, A. [48 ]
Bernard, J. -P. [9 ,79 ]
Bersanelli, M. [26 ,41 ]
Bhandari, P. [1 ]
Bhatia, R. [6 ]
Bock, J. J. [1 ]
Bonaldi, A. [37 ]
Bond, J. R. [7 ]
Borders, J. [1 ]
Borrill, J. [66 ,75 ]
Bouchet, F. R. [50 ]
Bowman, B. [1 ]
Bradshaw, T. [71 ]
Breelle, E. [4 ]
Bucher, M. [4 ]
Burigana, C. [40 ]
Butler, R. C. [40 ]
Cabella, P. [29 ]
Camus, P. [48 ]
Cantalupo, C. M. [66 ]
Cappellini, B. [41 ]
Cardoso, J. -F. [4 ,50 ,62 ,63 ]
Catalano, A. [4 ,60 ]
Cayon, L. [19 ]
Challinor, A. [11 ,53 ,59 ]
Chamballu, A. [46 ]
Chambelland, J. P. [1 ]
Charra, J. [49 ]
Charra, M. [49 ]
Chiang, L. -Y. [52 ]
Chiang, C. [18 ]
Christensen, P. R. [30 ]
Clements, D. L. [46 ]
Collaudin, B. [77 ]
Colombi, S. [50 ]
Couchot, F. [65 ]
Coulais, A. [60 ]
Crill, B. P. [1 ]
机构
[1] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
[2] Aalto Univ, Metsahovi Radio Observ, Kylmala 02540, Finland
[3] Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Sci Data Ctr, Frascati, Italy
[4] Univ Paris 07, CNRS, UMR 7164, Paris, France
[5] Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Astrophys Grp, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England
[6] ALMA Santiago Cent Off, Santiago, Chile
[7] Univ Toronto, CITA, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
[8] CNES, F-31401 Toulouse 9, France
[9] IRAP, CNRS, F-31028 Toulouse 4, France
[10] Univ Oslo, Ctr Math Applicat, Oslo, Norway
[11] Univ Cambridge, DAMTP, Ctr Math Sci, Cambridge CB3 0WA, England
[12] CEA Saclay, DSM Irfu SPP, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France
[13] Natl Space Inst, DTU Space, Copenhagen, Denmark
[14] Univ Oviedo, Dept Fis, E-33007 Oviedo, Spain
[15] Univ Toronto, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Toronto, ON, Canada
[16] Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
[17] Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland
[18] Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
[19] Purdue Univ, Dept Phys, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
[20] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
[21] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys, Davis, CA 95616 USA
[22] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
[23] Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
[24] Univ Padua, Dipartimento Fis G Galilei, I-35131 Padua, Italy
[25] Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy
[26] Univ Milan, Dipartimento Fis, Milan, Italy
[27] Univ Trieste, Dipartmento Fis, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
[28] Univ Ferrara, Dipartmento Fis, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
[29] Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dipartmento Fis, Rome, Italy
[30] Niels Bohr Inst, Discovery Ctr, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
[31] Univ La Laguna, Dpto Astrofis, E-38206 Tenerife, Spain
[32] European So Observ, ESO Vitacura, Santiago 19, Chile
[33] European Space Agcy, ESAC, Planck Sci Off, Madrid, Spain
[34] European Space Agcy, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany
[35] European Space Agcy, Estec, NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands
[36] Aalto Univ, Univ Helsinki, Helsinki Inst Phys, Helsinki, Finland
[37] Osserv Astron Padova, INAF, Padua, Italy
[38] Osserv Astron Roma, INAF, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
[39] Osserv Astron Trieste, INAF, I-34131 Trieste, Italy
[40] INAF IASF Bologna, Bologna, Italy
[41] INAF IASF Milano, Milan, Italy
[42] Univ Paris 11, INRIA, Rech Informat Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France
[43] CNRS, INSU, Inst Sci Univers, F-75794 Paris 16, France
[44] Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS INSU, UMR 5274, IPAG, F-38041 Grenoble, France
[45] Univ Geneva, ISDC Data Ctr Astrophys, Versoix, Switzerland
[46] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Astrophys Grp, Blackett Lab, London SW7 2AZ, England
[47] CALTECH, Ctr Infrared Proc & Anal, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
[48] Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, Inst Neel, Grenoble, France
[49] Univ Paris 11, CNRS, UMR 8617, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, F-91405 Orsay, France
[50] Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7095, Inst Astrophys Paris, Paris, France
关键词
cosmic background radiation; space vehicles: instruments; instrumentation: detectors; PRE-LAUNCH STATUS; HIGH-FREQUENCY INSTRUMENT; DESIGN; ARCHITECTURE; SYSTEM; TESTS;
D O I
10.1051/0004-6361/201116486
中图分类号
P1 [天文学];
学科分类号
0704 ;
摘要
The performance of the Planck instruments in space is enabled by their low operating temperatures, 20 K for LFI and 0.1 K for HFI, achieved through a combination of passive radiative cooling and three active mechanical coolers. The scientific requirement for very broad frequency coverage led to two detector technologies with widely different temperature and cooling needs. Active coolers could satisfy these needs; a helium cryostat, as used by previous cryogenic space missions (IRAS, COBE, ISO, Spitzer, AKARI), could not. Radiative cooling is provided by three V-groove radiators and a large telescope baffle. The active coolers are a hydrogen sorption cooler (<20 K), a He-4 Joule-Thomson cooler (4.7 K), and a He-3-He-4 dilution cooler (1.4 K and 0.1 K). The flight system was at ambient temperature at launch and cooled in space to operating conditions. The HFI bolometer plate reached 93 mK on 3 July 2009, 50 days after launch. The solar panel always faces the Sun, shadowing the rest of Planck, and operates at a mean temperature of 384 K. At the other end of the spacecraft, the telescope baffle operates at 42.3 K and the telescope primary mirror operates at 35.9 K. The temperatures of key parts of the instruments are stabilized by both active and passive methods. Temperature fluctuations are driven by changes in the distance from the Sun, sorption cooler cycling and fluctuations in gas-liquid flow, and fluctuations in cosmic ray flux on the dilution and bolometer plates. These fluctuations do not compromise the science data.
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