Planck early results. XXV. Thermal dust in nearby molecular clouds

被引:168
作者
Abergel, A. [1 ]
Ade, P. A. R. [68 ]
Aghanim, N. [1 ]
Arnaud, M. [56 ]
Ashdown, M. [5 ,54 ]
Aumont, J. [1 ]
Baccigalupi, C. [66 ]
Balbi, A. [29 ]
Banday, A. J. [8 ,62 ,72 ]
Barreiro, R. B. [51 ]
Bartlett, J. G. [4 ,52 ]
Battaner, E. [74 ]
Benabed, K. [46 ]
Benoit, A. [45 ]
Bernard, J. -P. [8 ,72 ]
Bersanelli, M. [26 ,41 ]
Bhatia, R. [6 ]
Bock, J. J. [52 ]
Bonaldi, A. [37 ]
Bond, J. R. [7 ]
Borrill, J. [61 ,69 ]
Bouchet, F. R. [46 ]
Boulanger, F. [1 ]
Bucher, M. [4 ]
Burigana, C. [40 ]
Cabella, P. [29 ]
Cardoso, J. -F. [4 ,46 ,57 ,58 ]
Catalano, A. [4 ,55 ]
Cayon, L. [19 ]
Challinor, A. [10 ,48 ,54 ]
Chamballu, A. [44 ]
Chiang, L. -Y. [47 ]
Chiang, C. [18 ]
Christensen, P. R. [30 ]
Clements, D. L. [44 ]
Colombi, S. [46 ]
Couchot, F. [60 ]
Coulais, A. [55 ]
Crill, B. P. [52 ]
Cuttaia, F. [40 ]
Danese, L. [66 ]
Davies, R. D. [53 ]
Davis, R. J. [53 ]
de Bernardis, P. [25 ]
de Gasperis, G. [29 ]
de Rosa, A. [40 ]
de Zotti, G. [37 ,66 ]
Delabrouille, J. [4 ]
Delouis, J. -M. [46 ]
Desert, F. -X. [43 ]
机构
[1] Univ Paris 11, CNRS, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, UMR8617, Batiment 121, F-91405 Orsay, France
[2] Aalto Univ Metsahovi Radio Observ, Kylmala 02540, Finland
[3] ESRIN, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Sci Data Ctr, Frascati, Italy
[4] Univ Paris 07, CNRS, UMR 7164, Paris, France
[5] Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Astrophys Grp, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England
[6] ALMA Santiago Cent Off, Santiago, Chile
[7] Univ Toronto, CITA, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
[8] IRAP, CNRS, F-31028 Toulouse 4, France
[9] CALTECH, Infrared Proc & Anal Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
[10] Univ Cambridge, Ctr Math Sci, DAMTP, Cambridge CB3 0WA, England
[11] CEA Saclay, DSM Irfu SPP, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France
[12] Natl Space Inst, DTU Space, Copenhagen, Denmark
[13] Univ Oviedo, Dept Fis, E-33007 Oviedo, Spain
[14] Univ Toronto, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
[15] Tokyo Gakugei Univ, Dept Astron & Earth Sci, Tokyo 1848501, Japan
[16] Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
[17] Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland
[18] Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
[19] Purdue Univ, Dept Phys, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
[20] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
[21] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys, Davis, CA 95616 USA
[22] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
[23] Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL USA
[24] Univ Padua, Dipartimento Fis G Galilei, I-35131 Padua, Italy
[25] Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy
[26] Univ Milan, Dipartimento Fis, Milan, Italy
[27] Univ Trieste, Dipartimento Fis, Trieste, Italy
[28] Univ Ferrara, Dipartimento Fis, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy
[29] Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dipartimento Fis, I-00173 Rome, Italy
[30] Niels Bohr Inst, Discovery Ctr, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
[31] ULL, Dpto Astrofis, Tenerife 38206, Spain
[32] European So Observ, ESO Vitacura, Santiago 19, Chile
[33] European Space Agcy, ESAC, Planck Sci Off, Madrid, Spain
[34] European Space Agcy, Estec, NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands
[35] Aalto Univ, Univ Helsinki, Helsinki Inst Phys, Helsinki, Finland
[36] INAF Osservatorio Astrofis Catania, Catania, Italy
[37] INAF Osservatorio Astron Padova, Padua, Italy
[38] INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
[39] INAF Osservatorio Astron Trieste, Trieste, Italy
[40] INAF IASF Bologna, Bologna, Italy
[41] INAF IASF Milano, Milan, Italy
[42] Univ Paris 11, INRIA, Lab Rech Informat, F-91405 Orsay, France
[43] Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, IPAG, INSU,UMR 5274, F-38041 Grenoble, France
[44] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, Astrophys Grp, London SW7 2AZ, England
[45] Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, Inst Neel, Grenoble, France
[46] Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, UMR8617, Paris, France
[47] Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, Taipei 115, Taiwan
[48] Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England
[49] Univ Oslo, Inst Theoret Astrophys, Oslo, Norway
[50] Inst Astrofis Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
关键词
dust; extinction; ISM: structure; evolution; infrared: ISM; ISM: individual objects: Taurus-Auriga molecular cloud; PRE-LAUNCH STATUS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; INTERSTELLAR DUST; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; INITIAL HIGHLIGHTS; INFRARED-EMISSION; SPECTRAL INDEX; COLD DUST; MILKY-WAY;
D O I
10.1051/0004-6361/201116483
中图分类号
P1 [天文学];
学科分类号
0704 ;
摘要
Planck allows unbiased mapping of Galactic sub-millimetre and millimetre emission from the most diffuse regions to the densest parts of molecular clouds. We present an early analysis of the Taurus molecular complex, on line-of-sight-averaged data and without component separation. The emission spectrum measured by Planck and IRAS can be fitted pixel by pixel using a single modified blackbody. Some systematic residuals are detected at 353 GHz and 143 GHz, with amplitudes around -7% and +13%, respectively, indicating that the measured spectra are likely more complex than a simple modified blackbody. Significant positive residuals are also detected in the molecular regions and in the 217 GHz and 100 GHz bands, mainly caused by the contribution of the J = 2 -> 1 and J = 1 -> 0 (CO)-C-12 and (CO)-C-13 emission lines. We derive maps of the dust temperature T, the dust spectral emissivity index beta, and the dust optical depth at 250 mu m tau(250). The temperature map illustrates the cooling of the dust particles in thermal equilibrium with the incident radiation field, from 16-17 K in the diffuse regions to 13-14 K in the dense parts. The distribution of spectral indices is centred at 1.78, with a standard deviation of 0.08 and a systematic error of 0.07. We detect a significant T - beta anti-correlation. The dust optical depth map reveals the spatial distribution of the column density of the molecular complex from the densest molecular regions to the faint diffuse regions. We use near-infrared extinction and Hi data at 21-cm to perform a quantitative analysis of the spatial variations of the measured dust optical depth at 250 mu m per hydrogen atom tau(250)/N-H. We report an increase of tau(250)/N-H by a factor of about 2 between the atomic phase and the molecular phase, which has a strong impact on the equilibrium temperature of the dust particles.
引用
收藏
页数:18
相关论文
共 89 条
[1]   Planck early results. XV. Spectral energy distributions and radio continuum spectra of northern extragalactic radio sources [J].
Aatrokoski, J. ;
Ade, P. A. R. ;
Aghanim, N. ;
Aller, H. D. ;
Aller, M. F. ;
Angelakis, E. ;
Arnaud, M. ;
Ashdown, M. ;
Aumont, J. ;
Baccigalupi, C. ;
Balbi, A. ;
Banday, A. J. ;
Barreiro, R. B. ;
Bartlett, J. G. ;
Battaner, E. ;
Benabed, K. ;
Benoit, A. ;
Berdyugin, A. ;
Bernard, J. -P. ;
Bersanelli, M. ;
Bhatia, R. ;
Bonaldi, A. ;
Bonavera, L. ;
Bond, J. R. ;
Borrill, J. ;
Bouchet, F. R. ;
Bucher, M. ;
Burigana, C. ;
Burrows, D. N. ;
Cabella, P. ;
Capalbi, M. ;
Cappellini, B. ;
Cardoso, J. -F. ;
Catalano, A. ;
Cavazzuti, E. ;
Cayon, L. ;
Challinor, A. ;
Chamballu, A. ;
Chary, R. -R. ;
Chiang, L. -Y ;
Christensen, P. R. ;
Clements, D. L. ;
Colafrancesco, S. ;
Colombi, S. ;
Couchot, F. ;
Coulais, A. ;
Cutini, S. ;
Cuttaia, F. ;
Danese, L. ;
Davies, R. D. .
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2011, 536
[2]   Planck early results. XXV. Thermal dust in nearby molecular clouds [J].
Abergel, A. ;
Ade, P. A. R. ;
Aghanim, N. ;
Arnaud, M. ;
Ashdown, M. ;
Aumont, J. ;
Baccigalupi, C. ;
Balbi, A. ;
Banday, A. J. ;
Barreiro, R. B. ;
Bartlett, J. G. ;
Battaner, E. ;
Benabed, K. ;
Benoit, A. ;
Bernard, J. -P. ;
Bersanelli, M. ;
Bhatia, R. ;
Bock, J. J. ;
Bonaldi, A. ;
Bond, J. R. ;
Borrill, J. ;
Bouchet, F. R. ;
Boulanger, F. ;
Bucher, M. ;
Burigana, C. ;
Cabella, P. ;
Cardoso, J. -F. ;
Catalano, A. ;
Cayon, L. ;
Challinor, A. ;
Chamballu, A. ;
Chiang, L. -Y. ;
Chiang, C. ;
Christensen, P. R. ;
Clements, D. L. ;
Colombi, S. ;
Couchot, F. ;
Coulais, A. ;
Crill, B. P. ;
Cuttaia, F. ;
Danese, L. ;
Davies, R. D. ;
Davis, R. J. ;
de Bernardis, P. ;
de Gasperis, G. ;
de Rosa, A. ;
de Zotti, G. ;
Delabrouille, J. ;
Delouis, J. -M. ;
Desert, F. -X. .
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2011, 536
[3]   Planck early results. XXIV. Dust in the diffuse interstellar medium and the Galactic halo [J].
Abergel, A. ;
Ade, P. A. R. ;
Aghanim, N. ;
Arnaud, M. ;
Ashdown, M. ;
Aumont, J. ;
Baccigalupi, C. ;
Balbi, A. ;
Banday, A. J. ;
Barreiro, R. B. ;
Bartlett, J. G. ;
Battaner, E. ;
Benabed, K. ;
Benoit, A. ;
Bernard, J. -P. ;
Bersanelli, M. ;
Bhatia, R. ;
Blagrave, K. ;
Bock, J. J. ;
Bonaldi, A. ;
Bond, J. R. ;
Borrill, J. ;
Bouchet, F. R. ;
Boulanger, F. ;
Bucher, M. ;
Burigana, C. ;
Cabella, P. ;
Cantalupo, C. M. ;
Cardoso, J. -F. ;
Catalano, A. ;
Cayon, L. ;
Challinor, A. ;
Chamballu, A. ;
Chiang, L. -Y ;
Chiang, C. ;
Christensen, P. R. ;
Clements, D. L. ;
Colombi, S. ;
Couchot, F. ;
Coulais, A. ;
Crill, B. P. ;
Cuttaia, F. ;
Danese, L. ;
Davies, R. D. ;
Davis, R. J. ;
de Bernardis, P. ;
de Gasperis, G. ;
de Rosa, A. ;
de Zotti, G. ;
Delabrouille, J. .
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2011, 536
[4]   Evolution of interstellar dust with Herschel. First results in the photodissociation regions of NGC7023 [J].
Abergel, A. ;
Arab, H. ;
Compiegne, M. ;
Kirk, J. M. ;
Ade, P. ;
Anderson, L. D. ;
Andre, P. ;
Baluteau, J. -P. ;
Bernard, J. -P. ;
Blagrave, K. ;
Bontemps, S. ;
Boulanger, F. ;
Cohen, M. ;
Cox, P. ;
Dartois, E. ;
Davis, G. ;
Emery, R. ;
Fulton, T. ;
Gry, C. ;
Habart, E. ;
Huang, M. ;
Joblin, C. ;
Jones, S. C. ;
Lagache, G. ;
Lim, T. ;
Madden, S. ;
Makiwa, G. ;
Martin, P. ;
Miville-Deschenes, M. -A. ;
Molinari, S. ;
Moseley, H. ;
Motte, F. ;
Naylor, D. ;
Okumura, K. ;
Goncalves, D. Pinheiro ;
Polehampton, E. ;
Rodon, J. ;
Russeil, D. ;
Saraceno, P. ;
Sauvage, M. ;
Sidher, S. ;
Spencer, L. ;
Swinyard, B. ;
Ward-Thompson, D. ;
White, G. J. ;
Zavagno, A. .
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2010, 518
[5]   Planck early results. II. The thermal performance of Planck [J].
Ade, P. A. R. ;
Aghanim, N. ;
Arnaud, M. ;
Ashdown, M. ;
Aumont, J. ;
Baccigalupi, C. ;
Baker, M. ;
Balbi, A. ;
Banday, A. J. ;
Barreiro, R. B. ;
Battaner, E. ;
Benabed, K. ;
Benoit, A. ;
Bernard, J. -P. ;
Bersanelli, M. ;
Bhandari, P. ;
Bhatia, R. ;
Bock, J. J. ;
Bonaldi, A. ;
Bond, J. R. ;
Borders, J. ;
Borrill, J. ;
Bouchet, F. R. ;
Bowman, B. ;
Bradshaw, T. ;
Breelle, E. ;
Bucher, M. ;
Burigana, C. ;
Butler, R. C. ;
Cabella, P. ;
Camus, P. ;
Cantalupo, C. M. ;
Cappellini, B. ;
Cardoso, J. -F. ;
Catalano, A. ;
Cayon, L. ;
Challinor, A. ;
Chamballu, A. ;
Chambelland, J. P. ;
Charra, J. ;
Charra, M. ;
Chiang, L. -Y. ;
Chiang, C. ;
Christensen, P. R. ;
Clements, D. L. ;
Collaudin, B. ;
Colombi, S. ;
Couchot, F. ;
Coulais, A. ;
Crill, B. P. .
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2011, 536
[6]   Planck early results. I. The Planck mission [J].
Ade, P. A. R. ;
Aghanim, N. ;
Arnaud, M. ;
Ashdown, M. ;
Aumont, J. ;
Baccigalupi, C. ;
Baker, M. ;
Balbi, A. ;
Banday, A. J. ;
Barreiro, R. B. ;
Bartlett, J. G. ;
Battaner, E. ;
Benabed, K. ;
Bennett, K. ;
Benoit, A. ;
Bernard, J. -P. ;
Bersanelli, M. ;
Bhatia, R. ;
Bock, J. J. ;
Bonaldi, A. ;
Bond, J. R. ;
Borrill, J. ;
Bouchet, F. R. ;
Bradshaw, T. ;
Bremer, M. ;
Bucher, M. ;
Burigana, C. ;
Butler, R. C. ;
Cabella, P. ;
Cantalupo, C. M. ;
Cappellini, B. ;
Cardoso, J. -F. ;
Carr, R. ;
Casale, M. ;
Catalano, A. ;
Cayon, L. ;
Challinor, A. ;
Chamballu, A. ;
Charra, J. ;
Chary, R. -R. ;
Chiang, L. -Y. ;
Chiang, C. ;
Christensen, P. R. ;
Clements, D. L. ;
Colombi, S. ;
Couchot, F. ;
Coulais, A. ;
Crill, B. P. ;
Crone, G. ;
Crook, M. .
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2011, 536
[7]   Planck early results. VI. The High Frequency Instrument data processing [J].
Ade, P. A. R. ;
Aghanim, N. ;
Ansari, R. ;
Arnaud, M. ;
Ashdown, M. ;
Aumont, J. ;
Banday, A. J. ;
Bartelmann, M. ;
Bartlett, J. G. ;
Battaner, E. ;
Benabed, K. ;
Benoit, A. ;
Bernard, J. -P. ;
Bersanelli, M. ;
Bock, J. J. ;
Bond, J. R. ;
Borrill, J. ;
Bouchet, F. R. ;
Boulanger, F. ;
Bradshaw, T. ;
Bucher, M. ;
Cardoso, J. -F. ;
Castex, G. ;
Catalano, A. ;
Challinor, A. ;
Chamballu, A. ;
Chary, R. -R. ;
Chen, X. ;
Chiang, C. ;
Church, S. ;
Clements, D. L. ;
Colley, J. -M. ;
Colombi, S. ;
Couchot, F. ;
Coulais, A. ;
Cressiot, C. ;
Crill, B. P. ;
Crook, M. ;
de Bernardis, P. ;
Delabrouille, J. ;
Delouis, J. -M. ;
Desert, F. -X. ;
Dolag, K. ;
Dole, H. ;
Dore, O. ;
Douspis, M. ;
Dunkley, J. ;
Efstathiou, G. ;
Filliard, C. ;
Forni, O. .
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2011, 536
[8]   Planck early results. XIX. All-sky temperature and dust optical depth from Planck and IRAS. Constraints on the "dark gas" in our Galaxy [J].
Ade, P. A. R. ;
Aghanim, N. ;
Arnaud, M. ;
Ashdown, M. ;
Aumont, J. ;
Baccigalupi, C. ;
Balbi, A. ;
Banday, A. J. ;
Barreiro, R. B. ;
Bartlett, J. G. ;
Battaner, E. ;
Benabed, K. ;
Benoit, A. ;
Bernard, J. -P. ;
Bersanelli, M. ;
Bhatia, R. ;
Bock, J. J. ;
Bonaldi, A. ;
Bond, J. R. ;
Borrill, J. ;
Bouchet, F. R. ;
Boulanger, F. ;
Bucher, M. ;
Burigana, C. ;
Cabella, P. ;
Cardoso, J. -F. ;
Catalano, A. ;
Cayon, L. ;
Challinor, A. ;
Chamballu, A. ;
Chiang, L. -Y ;
Chiang, C. ;
Christensen, P. R. ;
Clements, D. L. ;
Colombi, S. ;
Couchot, F. ;
Coulais, A. ;
Crill, B. P. ;
Cuttaia, F. ;
Dame, T. M. ;
Danese, L. ;
Davies, R. D. ;
Davis, R. J. ;
de Bernardis, P. ;
de Gasperis, G. ;
de Rosa, A. ;
de Zotti, G. ;
Delabrouille, J. ;
Delouis, J. -M. ;
Desert, F. -X. .
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2011, 536
[9]   Planck early results. XX. New light on anomalous microwave emission from spinning dust grains [J].
Ade, P. A. R. ;
Aghanim, N. ;
Arnaud, M. ;
Ashdown, M. ;
Aumont, J. ;
Baccigalupi, C. ;
Balbi, A. ;
Banday, A. J. ;
Barreiro, R. B. ;
Bartlett, J. G. ;
Battaner, E. ;
Benabed, K. ;
Benoit, A. ;
Bernard, J-P ;
Bersanelli, M. ;
Bhatia, R. ;
Bock, J. J. ;
Bonaldi, A. ;
Bond, J. R. ;
Borrill, J. ;
Bouchet, F. R. ;
Boulanger, F. ;
Bucher, M. ;
Burigana, C. ;
Cabella, P. ;
Cappellini, B. ;
Cardoso, J-F ;
Casassus, S. ;
Catalano, A. ;
Cayon, L. ;
Challinor, A. ;
Chamballu, A. ;
Chary, R-R ;
Chen, X. ;
Chiang, L-Y ;
Chiang, C. ;
Christensen, P. R. ;
Clements, D. L. ;
Colombi, S. ;
Couchot, F. ;
Coulais, A. ;
Crill, B. P. ;
Cuttaia, F. ;
Danese, L. ;
Davies, R. D. ;
Davis, R. J. ;
de Bernardis, P. ;
de Gasperis, G. ;
de Rosa, A. ;
de Zotti, G. .
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2011, 536
[10]   Planck early results. XXII. The submillimetre properties of a sample of Galactic cold clumps [J].
Ade, P. A. R. ;
Aghanim, N. ;
Arnaud, M. ;
Ashdown, M. ;
Aumont, J. ;
Baccigalupi, C. ;
Balbi, A. ;
Banday, A. J. ;
Barreiro, R. B. ;
Bartlett, J. G. ;
Battaner, E. ;
Benabed, K. ;
Benoit, A. ;
Bernard, J. -P. ;
Bersanelli, M. ;
Bhatia, R. ;
Bock, J. J. ;
Bonaldi, A. ;
Bond, J. R. ;
Borrill, J. ;
Bouchet, F. R. ;
Boulanger, F. ;
Bucher, M. ;
Burigana, C. ;
Cabella, P. ;
Cantalupo, C. M. ;
Cardoso, J. -F. ;
Catalano, A. ;
Cayon, L. ;
Challinor, A. ;
Chamballu, A. ;
Chiang, L. -Y ;
Christensen, P. R. ;
Clements, D. L. ;
Colombi, S. ;
Couchot, F. ;
Coulais, A. ;
Crill, B. P. ;
Cuttaia, F. ;
Danese, L. ;
Davies, R. D. ;
de Bernardis, P. ;
de Gasperis, G. ;
de Rosa, A. ;
de Zotti, G. ;
Delabrouille, J. ;
Delouis, J. -M. ;
Desert, F. -X. ;
Dickinson, C. ;
Doi, Y. .
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2011, 536