Expansion of CD56- NK cells in chronic HCV/HIV-1 co-infection:: Reversion by antiviral treatment with pegylated IFNα and ribavirin

Co-infection with HCV and HIV-1 is a problem of increasing importance and the rote of innate cellular immunity in this co-infection is incompletely understood. Here, we have observed sharply elevated numbers of CD56(-)CD16(+) perforin(low) NK cells in HCV/HIV-1 co-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy. Interestingly, this expansion of unconventional CD56(-) NK cells rapidly reverted when HCV was suppressed by IFN alpha and ribavirin treatment, and was not seen in mono-infected control groups. In vitro experiments suggested that this effect of treatment was due to suppression of HCV viremia rather than a direct effect of IFN alpha on these cells. In contrast, the conventional CD56(+) NK cells were largely unchanged in subjects with high HCV toads, although they exhibited slightly decreased perforin expression. With delayed kinetics, the CD56(bright) immuno-regulatory NK cell subset temporarily increased to supranormal levels in response to HCV treatment. In contrast to the NK compartment, the CD1d-restricted NKT cells were severely reduced by the co-infection and not restored by treatment. Together, our data suggest that the high HCV toads in HCV/HIV-1 co-infection alter the NK cell compartment in a way not observed in HCV mono-infection. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.