Characteristics of InGaN-based UV/blue/green/amber/red light-emitting diodes

Highly efficient light-emitting diodes (LEDs) emitting ultraviolet (UV); blue, green, amber and red light have been obtained through the use of InGaN active layers instead of GaN active layers. Red LEDs with an emission wavelength of 675 nm, whose emission energy was almost equal to the band-gap energy of InN, were fabricated. The dependence of the emission wavelength of the red LED on the current (blue shift) is dominated by both the band-tilling effect of the Idealized energy states and the screening effect of the piezoelectric held. In the red LEDs, a phase separation of the InGaN layer was clearly observed in the emission spectra, in which blue and red emission peaks appeared. In terms of the temperature dependence of the LEDs, InGaN LEDs are superior to the conventional red and amber LEDs due to a large band offset between the active and cladding layers. The localized energy states caused by In composition fluctuation in the InGaN active layer contribute to the high efficiency of the InGaN-based emitting devices, in spite of the large number of threading dislocations and a large effect of the piezoelectric field. The blue and green InGaN-based LEDs had the highest external quantum efficiencies of 18% and 20% at low currents of 0.6 mA and 0.1 mA, respectively.